Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

72.3K
Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
72.3K
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

858
The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
858
Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

294
The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
294
Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

500
The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
500
Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

304
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
304
Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

6.6K
Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
6.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Obeticholic Acid in Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Final Results of the POISE Long-Term Safety Extension.

Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics·2026
Same author

Evolving Concepts of Treatment Targets for Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Global Perspective.

The American journal of gastroenterology·2026
Same author

Author Response to "Comment on Prediagnosis Alkaline Phosphatase and Antimitochondrial Antibody Positivity Vary by Race/Ethnicity Among Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis".

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology·2026
Same author

Seladelpar in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and compensated cirrhosis: Efficacy and safety from RESPONSE and ASSURE studies.

Hepatology communications·2026
Same author

Gaps in Guideline Adherence for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in North America-A 5-Year Analysis.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same author

Clover Honey Limits Survival of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in an In Vitro Gastric Model and Reduces In Vitro Fermentation pH of Small Intestine Microbes.

The Journal of nutrition·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
05:27

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

Published on: June 30, 2021

4.3K

The gut ecosystem and immune tolerance.

Tihong Shao1, Ronald Hsu2, Desiree L Rafizadeh3

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China; Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.

Journal of Autoimmunity
|September 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiota and host immune system maintain gut homeostasis. Disruption of this balance can lead to autoimmune diseases, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome in immune health.

Keywords:
Adaptive immunityAutoimmune diseaseDysbiosisGut microbiotaInnate immunityMicrobial metabolites

More Related Videos

In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice
08:39

In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice

Published on: August 10, 2018

5.8K
Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

28.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2025

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
05:27

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

Published on: June 30, 2021

4.3K
In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice
08:39

In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice

Published on: August 10, 2018

5.8K
Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

28.2K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • The gastrointestinal tract harbors the largest microbial population, the gut microbiota.
  • Gut microbiota is crucial for immune system development and immune tolerance from early life.
  • Microbes and the immune system engage in a dynamic, interdependent relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex interactions between gut microbiota and host immunity.
  • To emphasize the role of microbial metabolites and immune players in maintaining homeostasis.
  • To explore how disruptions in this balance contribute to autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current understanding on gut microbiota-immunity interactions.
  • Focus on innate and adaptive immunity components.
  • Analysis of microbial metabolites' contribution.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms in autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • Gut microbes present antigens and metabolites influencing immune development and homeostasis.
  • Innate and adaptive immunity modulate the gut microbial ecosystem.
  • Synergistic interaction between gut microbiota and host immunity maintains immune homeostasis.
  • Dysbiosis and immune system disruption are linked to autoimmune disorders.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota and host immune system are critical for maintaining health.
  • Alterations in the gut microbiome and immune system can drive autoimmunity.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to addressing autoimmune diseases.