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Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

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Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
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Permeation-Enhancing Strategies for Transdermal Delivery of Cannabinoids.

Atefeh Torabi1, Frederikke Bahrt Madsen1, Anne Ladegaard Skov1

  • 1Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
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Summary

Transdermal cannabinoid delivery offers improved bioavailability and patient compliance over oral or pulmonary routes. Further research is needed to optimize skin permeation and clinical effectiveness of cannabinoid patches.

Keywords:
CBDTHCcannabidiolcannabinoiddrug deliverytopicaltransdermal

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Dermatology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Cannabinoids show therapeutic potential for various disorders.
  • Transdermal delivery bypasses limitations of oral and pulmonary cannabinoid administration.
  • Skin's barrier properties and cannabinoid lipophilicity impede effective transdermal absorption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in transdermal cannabinoid delivery.
  • To assess current clinical studies on transdermal cannabinoids.
  • To explore permeation-enhancing strategies for transdermal cannabinoid formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of academic databases and online sources.
  • Identification of studies on transdermal cannabinoid administration.
  • Review of clinical trials and permeation-enhancement techniques.

Main Results:

  • Transdermal cannabinoid delivery offers higher bioavailability, safety, and compliance.
  • Limited clinical trial data exists for transdermal cannabinoid systems.
  • Cannabinoid lipophilicity and skin barrier properties necessitate permeation enhancement.

Conclusions:

  • Further research on transdermal cannabinoid delivery systems is crucial.
  • Optimization of patch design, composition, and drug-patch interactions is needed.
  • Clinical evaluation of efficacy and safety, alongside permeation strategies, requires more investigation.