Renal clearable magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging and guided therapy

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive, radiation-free imaging technique widely used for disease detection and therapeutic evaluation due to its infinite penetration depth. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have unique magnetic and physicochemical properties, making them ideal as contrast agents for MRI. However, the in vivo toxicity of MNPs, resulting from metal ion leakage and long-term accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system (RES), limits their clinical application. To overcome these challenges, there is considerable interest in the development of renal-clearable MNPs that can be completely cleared through the kidney, reducing retention time and potential toxic risks. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advancements in the development of renal-clearable MNPs for disease imaging and treatment. We discuss the factors influencing renal clearance, summarize the types of renal-clearable MNPs, their synthesis methods, and biomedical applications. This review aims to offer comprehensive information for the design and clinical translation of renal-clearable MNPs. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.