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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
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Updated: Jul 15, 2025

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
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Melatonin Use in Pediatric Intensive Care Units: A Single-Center Experience.

Jessica L Jacobson1, Joanna Tylka2, Savannah Glazer2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Rush University Medical Center (RUMC), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.

Medical Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Melatonin use in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) is infrequent, often continuing home medication. Earlier use in this group correlated with shorter hospital stays, highlighting a need for strategic melatonin administration.

Keywords:
circadiandeliriuminsomniaintensive caremelatoninpediatricssleep

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Altered melatonin secretion is linked to sleep disturbances, delirium, and impaired recovery in critical illness.
  • Limited research exists on melatonin's role in pediatric critical care settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency and indications for melatonin prescription in a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
  • To analyze the impact of melatonin use on patient outcomes, including length of stay.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 5-year data from a tertiary PICU.
  • Analysis of pediatric patients (0-18 years) prescribed melatonin.
  • Data collected included initiation day, dose, frequency, duration, and length of stay.

Main Results:

  • Melatonin was prescribed to 6.0% of admitted patients (n=182).
  • Most patients (46%) received melatonin as a continuation of home medication, with significantly earlier initiation and reduced length of stay (7.2 ± 9.3 days).
  • Clear documentation of indication was absent in 20% of cases.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin use in PICUs is infrequent, with continuation of home medication being the primary indication.
  • Strategic and documented approaches to melatonin administration in critically ill children may optimize outcomes.
  • Further research is warranted to establish evidence-based guidelines for melatonin use in pediatric critical care.