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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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Structural view on autophagosome formation.

Nobuo N Noda1,2

  • 1Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

FEBS Letters
|September 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy uses core proteins to degrade cellular waste via autophagosomes. This review details 30 years of structural studies on autophagy proteins and mechanisms, incorporating cryo-EM and AlphaFold advancements.

Keywords:
AlphaFoldautophagycore Atg proteinsselective autophagystructural studies

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental eukaryotic process for degrading cellular components via autophagosomes and lysosomes.
  • Budding yeast utilizes ~20 core autophagy-related (Atg) proteins for starvation-induced autophagosome formation.
  • Selective autophagy involves specific cargo receptors and factors for targeted degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review 30 years of structural studies on core autophagy proteins and selective autophagy factors.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms of autophagy based on protein structures.
  • To discuss future directions in autophagy structural biology, including AlphaFold's impact.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM)

Main Results:

  • Detailed structural insights into six functional categories of core Atg proteins.
  • Understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying autophagosome formation and cargo sequestration.
  • Compilation of structural data crucial for deciphering autophagy pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Structural biology has significantly advanced our understanding of autophagy mechanisms.
  • Future research will leverage advanced techniques like cryo-EM and AI (AlphaFold) for further insights.
  • Continued structural studies are vital for fully elucidating the complexities of autophagy.