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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Metabolism01:30

Introduction to Metabolism

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Metabolism encompasses all biochemical reactions in a living organism, facilitating both the breakdown and synthesis of biomolecules. These metabolic processes are categorized into catabolic and anabolic pathways, which operate in a coordinated manner to ensure energy balance and cellular function.Catabolic Pathways and Energy ReleaseCatabolic pathways involve the breakdown of complex macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into smaller structures like monosaccharides, fatty...
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Overview of Metabolism01:40

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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
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Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

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During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Assessment of Glutamine as a Fuel Source for Alveolar Macrophages Exposed to Chronic Ethanol Using an Extracellular Flux Bioanalyzer
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Bio-Hacking Better Health-Leveraging Metabolic Biochemistry to Maximise Healthspan.

Isabella D Cooper1, Yvoni Kyriakidou1, Lucy Petagine1

  • 1Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 28, 2023
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Summary

Lowering insulin levels through lifestyle choices enhances antioxidant production and mitochondrial function, crucial for combating age-related diseases and improving healthspan. This approach supports cellular health, tissue integrity, and longevity.

Keywords:
NAD+ROSageingantioxidantbeta-hydroxybutyratehyperinsulinaemiainsulinketosislongevitymitochondria

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and metabolic health.
  • Cellular mechanisms of aging and disease.

Background:

  • Chronic diseases of aging, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, are linked to hyperinsulinemia.
  • Hyperinsulinemia impairs antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial function, promoting cellular damage and a pro-tumorigenic environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of hyperinsulinemia in aging and disease.
  • To investigate the potential of metabolic interventions, such as ketogenic diets and fasting, to improve healthspan.

Main Methods:

  • Review of biochemical pathways linking insulin, glucose metabolism, and oxidative stress.
  • Analysis of the effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate, NAD+, and mitochondrial function on cellular health.

Main Results:

  • Hyperinsulinemia reduces antioxidant synthesis and depletes NAD+, impairing oxidative stress management and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).
  • This leads to increased reactive oxygen species, aerobic glycolysis, and a pro-tumorigenic phenotype, contributing to cellular senescence and mortality.
  • Beta-hydroxybutyrate and lifestyle interventions that lower insulin levels promote antioxidant synthesis, preserve NAD+, and enhance OXPHOS capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Maintaining lower insulin levels is key to reducing antioxidant consumption and enhancing their synthesis.
  • Improved oxidative stress management and mitochondrial function lead to healthier cells, tissues, and organs.
  • This strategy supports a better healthspan, addressing a primary challenge in achieving youthful longevity.