How Did COVID-19 Impact the Antimicrobial Consumption and Bacterial Resistance Profiles in Brazil?

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has favored the selective pressure of multidrug resistance among microorganisms. This research evaluated the pattern of antibiotic prescriptions among the Brazilian population between January 2018 and December 2021. Additionally, the study sought to analyze the incidence rates of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and examine the profiles of antibiotic resistance. We assessed the hospital and community antimicrobial consumption from the National Health Surveillance Agency Database and correlated it to microorganisms. The consumption of antimicrobials in the hospital environment increased by 26% in 2021, highlighting polymyxin B, which increased by 204%. In 2021, 244,266 cases of CLABSI were reported, indicating a nosocomial infection rate of 7.9%. The rate of resistance to polymyxin B was higher in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1400%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (514%). Azithromycin emerged as the predominant antibiotic utilized within the community setting, accounting for 24% of the overall consumption. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation (r = 0.71) between the elevated usage of azithromycin and the incidence of COVID-19. Our results indicate an increase in antimicrobial consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic and reinforce the fact that the misuse of antimicrobials may lead to an expansion in antimicrobial resistance.