Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases in Animals

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Molecular Biology
• Genomics

Background:

• Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are crucial enzymes for synthesizing bioactive compounds like antibiotics and siderophores.
• While common in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, NRPSs were considered rare in animals.
• Recent discoveries in nematodes, schistosomes, and arthropods prompted a broader investigation into animal NRPS prevalence.

Purpose of the Study:

• To determine the prevalence and distribution of NRPS genes across the animal kingdom.
• To understand the evolutionary relationships of animal NRPSs.
• To identify specific NRPSs and their potential roles in animal biochemistry.

Main Methods:

• Screened 1059 animal genome sequences.
• Performed phylogenetic analysis of identified NRPS genes.
• Analyzed domain architectures and predicted substrates of NRPSs.

Main Results:

• NRPS genes were found in 7 out of 19 analyzed animal phyla, indicating a broader distribution than previously known.
• Phylogenetic analysis confirmed NRPSs form distinct clades separate from similar enzymes like fatty acid synthases.
• NRPSs are particularly abundant in rotifers and nematodes, with diverse domain architectures observed in rotifers.
• Specific beta-lactam biosynthesis genes were identified in the nematode *Plectus sambesii* and some Collembola species.

Conclusions:

• Animal NRPS genes are more abundant and widespread than previously recognized.
• The scattered distribution of NRPSs across animal phyla highlights their diverse evolutionary history.
• The presence of beta-lactam biosynthesis genes in certain invertebrates suggests novel roles and potential for antibiotic production.