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Risk Factors for Myopia: A Review.

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Myopia risk factors include genetics and environmental influences like education and near work. Increased outdoor time can significantly reduce myopia incidence in young individuals.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Genetics
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Global increase in myopia prevalence.
  • Myopia development influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
  • Gene-environment interactions play a role in myopia etiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify key risk factors for myopia development and progression.
  • Analyze genetic and environmental contributions to myopia.
  • Provide evidence-based strategies for myopia prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases.
  • Inclusion of studies on subjects aged 5–30 years, published January 2000–May 2023.
  • Analysis of genetic predisposition and environmental influences on myopia.

Main Results:

  • Parental myopia increases risk (one parent x2, two parents x5).
  • Higher education levels correlate with increased myopia prevalence.
  • Near work ( <30 cm distance, >30 min duration) elevates myopia risk.
  • Increased outdoor activity (>40 min/day) is protective against myopia.

Conclusions:

  • Myopia is multifactorial, involving genetics and environment.
  • Reducing near work and increasing outdoor time are recommended interventions.
  • Public health strategies should focus on environmental modifications to curb myopia progression.