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Carbonation Shrinkage

Carbonation Shrinkage

Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...

Microcracking in Concrete

Microcracking in Concrete

Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...

Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete

Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete

Non-structural cracks are primarily of three types: plastic, early-age thermal, and drying shrinkage cracks. Plastic cracks are further classified into plastic shrinkage cracks and plastic settlement cracks.
Plastic shrinkage cracks typically form within hours after the concrete is poured. The concrete's surface dries faster than the bottom, creating tensile stress that the still-plastic concrete cannot withstand, leading to diagonal or randomly patterned cracks on the concrete surface.

Effects of Creep

Effects of Creep

Creep in concrete, the gradual deformation under prolonged stress, significantly impacts the integrity of structures. For reinforced concrete beams, it can be a vital design consideration, as it increases deflection, sometimes necessitating additional design measures. In columns, especially slender ones under eccentric loads, creep can cause buckling, compromising their stability. However, creep can be beneficial in indeterminate structures by mitigating stresses that arise from shrinkage,...

Shear and Bending Moment Diagram: Problem Solving

Shear and Bending Moment Diagram: Problem Solving

When analyzing a beam supporting concentrated loads and a distributed load, drawing the shear and bending moment diagrams is essential. These diagrams help understand the internal forces and moments acting on the beam, which is crucial for designing safe and efficient structures. Follow these steps to create the shear and bending moment diagrams:
Draw a Free-Body Diagram: Start by drawing a free-body diagram of the entire beam, including the concentrated loads, distributed load, and reaction...

Creep in Concrete

Creep in Concrete

Creep refers to the time-dependent increase in strain under a sustained load, excluding other time-dependent deformations associated with shrinkage, swelling, and thermal expansion in concrete. The primary mechanism behind creep involves the loss of physically adsorbed water from the calcium silicate hydrate within the hydrated cement paste. This process is further exacerbated by concrete's non-linear stress-strain relationship, microcrack development in the interfacial transition zone, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

Published on: May 13, 2018

Comparative Analysis of Engineering Carbonation Model Extensions to Account for Pre-Existing Cracks.

Annika Lidwina Schultheiß¹, Ravi Ajitbhai Patel¹, Michael Vogel¹

¹Institute of Concrete Structures and Building Materials (IMB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), DE-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 28, 2023

Summary

Comparing crack models for reinforced concrete, this study found crack influence factor (CIF) approaches most accurate for predicting carbonation depth. However, no single model excelled, highlighting the need for advanced multi-physics models.

Keywords:

carbonation comparison concrete crack models

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Area of Science:

Civil Engineering
Materials Science
Structural Engineering

Background:

Cracks in reinforced concrete accelerate reinforcement depassivation via carbonation.
Existing engineering models struggle to accurately predict carbonation depth in cracked concrete.

Purpose of the Study:

To comparatively analyze extensions of the fib carbonation model for accounting for cracks.
To validate model extensions against experimental data and assess their predictive accuracy.

Main Methods:

Validation of crack influence factor (CIF) approaches, a diffusion-based model, and crack depth adaption against literature and new lab data.
Comparative analysis of model performance in predicting carbonation depth.

Main Results:

CIF approaches demonstrated the highest accuracy in predicting carbonation depth.
The diffusion-based model showed inaccuracies at low CO2 concentrations.
Crack depth adaption yielded overly conservative predictions; no single model was universally best-performing.

Conclusions:

Significant scatter exists between predicted and experimental carbonation depths, indicating a need for more sophisticated multi-physics models.
The choice of crack model extension and analysis scale significantly impacts predicted service life and probability of failure.