A Review of Single-Cell Microrobots: Classification, Driving Methods and Applications

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Robotics
• Materials Science

Background:

• Single-cell microrobots integrate biological cells with artificial devices.
• They offer advantages such as small size, biodegradability, and ease of manufacturing.
• These microrobots are driven by external fields for precise control in microenvironments.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the classifications, control methods, and recent advances in single-cell microrobot applications.
• To discuss design strategies and fabrication processes for various cell-based microrobots.
• To analyze the current challenges and future directions in microbial-based robotics.

Main Methods:

• Categorization of microrobots based on cell types (e.g., bacteria, algae).
• Discussion of external field-driven control strategies: optical, acoustic, and magnetic.
• Review of in vivo and in vitro applications and performance analysis.

Main Results:

• Detailed examination of different microrobot designs and their fabrication.
• Demonstration of precise micromanipulation and movement capabilities using external fields.
• Analysis of successful applications in precise delivery and minimally invasive therapy.

Conclusions:

• Single-cell microrobots show significant potential for advanced biomedical applications.
• Further research is needed to address current challenges and unlock future possibilities in microbial robotics.
• Continued development promises enhanced capabilities for targeted therapies and diagnostics.