Clinical Sepsis Phenotypes in Critically Ill Patients

Sepsis, defined as the life-threatening dysregulated host response to an infection leading to organ dysfunction, is considered as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, especially in intensive care units (ICU). Moreover, sepsis remains an enigmatic clinical syndrome, with complex pathophysiology incompletely understood and a great heterogeneity both in terms of clinical expression, patient response to currently available therapeutic interventions and outcomes. This heterogeneity proves to be a major obstacle in our quest to deliver improved treatment in septic critical care patients; thus, identification of clinical phenotypes is absolutely necessary. Although this might be seen as an extremely difficult task, nowadays, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques can be recruited to quantify similarities between individuals within sepsis population and differentiate them into distinct phenotypes regarding not only temperature, hemodynamics or type of organ dysfunction, but also fluid status/responsiveness, trajectories in ICU and outcome. Hopefully, we will eventually manage to determine both the subgroup of septic patients that will benefit from a therapeutic intervention and the correct timing of applying the intervention during the disease process.