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Exploring Nitrogen-Functionalized Graphene Composites for Urinary Catheter Applications.

Rita Teixeira-Santos1,2, Luciana C Gomes1,2, Rita Vieira1,2

  • 1LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Nitrogen-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (N-GNP) in a PDMS coating significantly inhibited biofilm formation on urinary catheters (UCs). This novel composite reduced bacterial cells and culturability, demonstrating potential for improved UC coatings.

Keywords:
antibiofilm activitycompositemulti-species biofilmnitrogen-functionalized grapheneurinary catheters

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) possess valuable physicochemical and antimicrobial properties for biomedical applications.
  • Urinary catheter (UC) biofilms pose significant clinical challenges, necessitating advanced coating materials.
  • Functionalized graphene offers a promising avenue for developing effective antibiofilm surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antibiofilm efficacy of nitrogen-functionalized graphene nanoplatelet (N-GNP) incorporated into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix as a coating for urinary catheters (UCs).
  • To evaluate the impact of N-GNP/PDMS composite on single- and multi-species bacterial biofilms, including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, and *Klebsiella pneumoniae*.
  • To explore the antibacterial mechanisms of action of N-GNP.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of N-GNP/PDMS composite materials.
  • Evaluation of composite hydrophobicity and surface roughness.
  • Assessment of antibiofilm activity against single- and multi-species biofilms using cell counts and culturability assays.
  • Analysis of biofilm structure and exploration of bacterial cell response to N-GNP.

Main Results:

  • The N-GNP/PDMS composite exhibited enhanced hydrophobicity and roughness compared to pure PDMS.
  • Significant reductions in bacterial cell numbers were observed for *S. aureus* (64%), *P. aeruginosa* (41%), and *K. pneumoniae* (29%) in single-species biofilms.
  • A 50% decrease in *S. aureus* biofilm culturability and a 41% reduction in total cells in tri-species biofilms were achieved.
  • N-GNP induced membrane permeability changes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in *S. aureus*, and altered cell metabolism in Gram-negative bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • The N-GNP/PDMS composite effectively inhibits biofilm development on urinary catheters.
  • Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets demonstrate significant antibiofilm properties against common uropathogens.
  • N-GNP/PDMS composite coatings show considerable potential for enhancing the performance and reducing infections associated with urinary catheters.