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Related Concept Videos

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application
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Strategy for Constructing Phosphorus-Based Flame-Retarded Polyurethane Elastomers for Advanced Performance in

Yuxin Luo1, Zhishuai Geng1, Wenchao Zhang1

  • 1National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.

Polymers
|September 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores reactive phosphorus flame retardants for polyurethane elastomers (PUE), enhancing fire safety without compromising physical properties. It highlights P-N synergistic flame retardants and future applications in advanced materials.

Keywords:
fire protectionphosphorus flame retardantpolyurethane elastomerreactive flame retardant

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Fire Safety Engineering

Background:

  • Polyurethane elastomers (PUE) offer excellent physical properties for diverse applications but suffer from flammability.
  • Improving the flame retardancy of PUE is crucial for expanding its use in daily applications.
  • Reactive flame retardants are preferred for their minimal impact on polymer properties and low migration tendency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of reactive phosphorus-containing and P-N synergistic flame retardants for PUE.
  • To analyze the molecular design and mechanisms of these flame retardants.
  • To discuss the future prospects of flame-retarded PUE in emerging technological fields.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on phosphorus-based flame retardants in PUE.
  • Analysis of structural characteristics, thermal performance, combustion behavior, and mechanical properties of PUE.
  • Examination of flame retardant mechanisms, including P-N synergy.

Main Results:

  • Reactive phosphorus flame retardants, particularly P-N synergistic systems, offer effective flame retardancy for PUE.
  • These retardants maintain or enhance the physical and thermal properties of PUE.
  • Molecular design strategies are key to optimizing flame retardant performance.

Conclusions:

  • Reactive phosphorus flame retardants are a viable non-halogenated solution for PUE fire safety.
  • Future research should focus on advanced molecular designs for enhanced performance.
  • Flame-retarded PUE holds significant potential in self-healing, bio-based, wearable electronics, and solid-state electrolytes.