The Impact of Ketone Body Metabolism on Mitochondrial Function and Cardiovascular Diseases

Ketone bodies, consisting of beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone, are metabolic byproducts known as energy substrates during fasting. Recent advancements have shed light on the multifaceted effects of ketone body metabolism, which led to increased interest in therapeutic interventions aimed at elevating ketone body levels. However, excessive elevation of ketone body concentration can lead to ketoacidosis, which may have fatal consequences. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to focus on the latest insights on ketone body metabolism, particularly emphasizing its association with mitochondria as the primary site of interaction. Given the distinct separation between ketone body synthesis and breakdown pathways, we provide an overview of each metabolic pathway. Additionally, we discuss the relevance of ketone bodies to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, we explore the utilization of ketone body metabolism, including dietary interventions, in the context of aging, where mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role. Through this review, we aim to present a comprehensive understanding of ketone body metabolism and its intricate relationship with mitochondrial function, spanning the potential implications in various health conditions and the aging process.