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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues
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N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in osteosarcoma: expression, function and interaction with noncoding RNAs - an

Yuanzhuang Zhang1, Yeqiu Xu1, Yuxin Bao1

  • 1Fourth Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.

Epigenetics
|September 28, 2023
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Summary

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play crucial roles in osteosarcoma development. Understanding their interactions offers new insights into cancer progression and potential clinical applications for this bone cancer.

Keywords:
N6-methyladenosineOsteosarcomaepigenetic regulationmolecular mechanismsnoncoding RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents.
  • N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a key RNA modification influencing gene expression.
  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, are increasingly recognized for their roles in cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expression and function of m6A regulators in osteosarcoma.
  • To elucidate the interactions between m6A modification and ncRNAs in osteosarcoma.
  • To discuss the impact of m6A and ncRNAs on the tumor microenvironment and their clinical potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on m6A modification, ncRNAs, and osteosarcoma.
  • Analysis of the regulatory roles of m6A-associated enzymes and ncRNAs.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on their interplay in osteosarcoma pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • m6A regulators are dysregulated in osteosarcoma, affecting tumorigenesis.
  • ncRNAs modulate m6A modification by influencing m6A enzyme expression.
  • The interplay between m6A and ncRNAs impacts the tumor microenvironment and osteosarcoma progression.

Conclusions:

  • m6A modification and ncRNAs are critical players in osteosarcoma.
  • Their complex interactions provide novel therapeutic targets.
  • Further research into m6A-ncRNA networks may lead to improved clinical strategies for osteosarcoma.