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Related Concept Videos

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

556
Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
556
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

454
The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
454
Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications01:28

Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications

12
Multiple classes of antihypertensive medications are employed in treating hypertension. The most commonly recommended first-line treatments include:Thiazide Diuretics, such as chlorthalidone, increase sodium and water excretion from the body, reducing blood volume and blood pressure.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, like lisinopril, block the conversion of angiotensin I to II, a potent vasoconstrictor lowering blood pressure.Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) prevent angiotensin II...
12
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

190
Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
190
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

191
Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme...
191
Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors01:25

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

667
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion
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Nanoparticle-Based Therapies in Hypertension.

Darren Story1, Alireza Aminoroaya2, Zak Skelton3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (D.S., M.K., Y.Z., B.R.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)
|September 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems show promise for improving the effectiveness of high blood pressure medications. This approach may overcome bioavailability issues and enhance patient treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
blood pressurecardiovascular diseaseshypertensionnanoparticlesrisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Arterial hypertension affects 1.4 billion globally, contributing to cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death.
  • Current antihypertensive treatments have limited efficacy, with only ~14% of patients achieving blood pressure control.
  • Poor drug bioavailability necessitates higher doses, increasing side effects and reducing patient compliance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review preclinical in vivo data on antihypertensive nanoformulations.
  • To assess the potential of nanoparticles to improve antihypertensive drug efficacy and overcome pharmacokinetic limitations.
  • To explore the future prospects of nanoformulated antihypertensives.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of in vivo study data.
  • Analysis of preclinical development and testing of antihypertensive nanoformulations.
  • Evaluation of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for hypertension treatment.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticle carriers have demonstrated improved solubility and bioavailability for various drugs.
  • Over 50 nanodrugs are approved, with 51 in clinical trials, indicating the broader potential of this technology.
  • No antihypertensive nanoformulations have reached clinical approval yet, highlighting an unmet need.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoformulation of antihypertensive drugs presents a promising strategy to address the limitations of current therapies.
  • This approach has the potential to enhance treatment efficacy and patient compliance.
  • Further advancements in nanoformulation could enable the clinical use of previously unviable antihypertensive agents due to poor bioavailability.