Enhanced on-Chip modification and intracellular hydrogen peroxide detection via gigahertz acoustic streaming...

Developing effective strategies for the flexible control of fluid is vital for microfluidic electrochemical biosensing. In this study, a gigahertz (GHz) acoustic streaming (AS) based sonoelectrochemical system was developed to realize an on-chip surface modification and sensitive hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) detection from living cells. The flexible and controlled fluid surrounding the electrochemical chip was optimized theoretically and applied in the sonoelectrochemical deposition of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) first. Under the steady and fast flow stimulus of AS, AuNPs could be synthesized with a smaller and evener size distribution than the normal condition, allowing AuNPs to show an excellent peroxidase-like activity. Moreover, the AS also accelerated the mass transport of target molecules and improved the catalytic rate, leading to the enhancement of H₂O₂ detection, with an extremely low detection limit of 32 nM and a high sensitivity of 4.34 μA/ (mM·mm²). Finally, this system was successfully applied in tracking H₂O₂ release from different cell lines to distinguish the cancer cells from normal cells. This study innovatively integrated the surface modification and molecules detection process on a chip, and also proposed a simple but sensitive platform for microfluidic biosensing application.