Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Novel FHL1 Mutation Associated With Reducing Body Myopathy.

Cureus·2026

Same author

Cerebellar Ataxia and Chorea: Genetic Etiologies and Key Considerations for Diagnosis and Management.

Movement disorders clinical practice·2026

Same author

Abdominal computed tomography prior to trauma laparotomy: a roadmap or detour? A pro-con debate.

Trauma surgery & acute care open·2026

Same author

Factors associated with delays in multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapy initiation.

Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinical·2026

Same author

iS2C2: a cointelligent platform for mechanistic discovery of disease cellular crosstalk.

Signal transduction and targeted therapy·2026

Same author

Obesity-driven phosphatidylethanolamine dysregulation impairs neuroimmune crosstalk and accelerates Alzheimer's pathogenesis.

Molecular neurodegeneration·2026

Same journal

A meta-analysis of the effects of Baduanjin training on the human body temperature based on infrared thermography technology.

Medicine·2026

Same journal

The predictive ability of "TyG_CVAI" for incident stroke in individuals with different glycemic metabolic status: A national cohort study.

Medicine·2026

Same journal

Symptoms and quality of life in gynecological cancer patients after surgery: Application of latent profile and network analysis.

Medicine·2026

Same journal

Massive hemoptysis as the initial presentation of Behçet disease complicated by multisite thromboembolism: A case report.

Medicine·2026

Same journal

Dextromethorphan-bupropion-associated pharmacovigilance signals based on the FAERS database: An observational study.

Medicine·2026

Same journal

Effects of Mulligan sustained natural apophyseal glide mobilizations on pain, mobility, and lumbar-related disability in chronic non-specific low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Medicine·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy without overt immunosuppression.

Varun Jain¹, Hannah Branstetter¹, Srikar Savaram¹

¹Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

|September 29, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) can occur without obvious immunosuppression, challenging its rarity. This study found PML in 11.8% of cases without overt immunosuppression, suggesting it may be more common than previously thought.

More Related Videos

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Immunology

Background:

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, severe central nervous system disease.
PML is typically associated with significant immunodeficiency.
The occurrence and characteristics of PML in individuals without overt immunosuppression are not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of PML cases occurring in the absence of overt immunosuppression.
To determine if PML without overt immunosuppression is more common than previously reported.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of patients diagnosed with PML (ICD10 code A81.2) at a single center.
Defined PML without overt immunosuppression by excluding HIV, hematological malignancy, immunosuppressive medications, and specific autoimmune conditions.
Included only cases with definite clinical or histological PML diagnosis.

Main Results:

Out of 52 patients with the PML diagnosis code, 17 met definite PML criteria.
Overt immunosuppression was present in 15 of 17 (88.2%) cases, primarily due to HIV or immunosuppressive medications.
Two of 17 (11.8%) cases presented with PML without overt immunosuppression, with potential contributing factors including a dog bite with hypogammaglobulinemia and significant alcohol use.

Conclusions:

PML without overt immunosuppression may occur more frequently than previously recognized.
The diagnosis of PML should be considered even in patients without apparent immunosuppression if clinical and radiographic findings are suggestive.
Both identified cases without overt immunosuppression were fatal, highlighting the severity of the condition.