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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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Metal-ruthenium complex based on dipyridylamine group as membrane-active antibacterial agent effectively decrease the

ChunYan Zhang1, LiQiang Wang1, Wei Deng1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science&Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.

Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
|September 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New ruthenium complexes show potent activity against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ru3 disrupts bacterial cell membranes and acts as a valuable antibiotic adjuvant, offering a promising strategy against resistant bacterial infections.

Keywords:
2, 2′-dipyridylamineAntibiotic adjuvantAryl-thioetherDrug-resistanceSulfonyl

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Antimicrobial Agents
  • Drug Resistance

Background:

  • Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacterium notorious for developing drug resistance.
  • Drug-resistant S. aureus infections result in significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Novel therapeutic strategies are crucial to combat the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate novel ruthenium complexes for their antibacterial activity against S. aureus.
  • To investigate the mechanism of action of the most potent complex.
  • To assess the potential of these complexes as antibiotic adjuvants.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of three ruthenium complexes: [Ru(dpa)2(PSPIP)](PF6)2 (Ru1), [Ru(dpa)2(TSPIP)](PF6)2 (Ru2), and [Ru(dpa)2(TBPIP)](PF6)2 (Ru3).
  • In vitro antibacterial assays against S. aureus and hemolytic toxicity tests.
  • Fluorescence staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze bacterial cell membrane disruption.
  • In vivo studies using Galleria mellonella larvae and mouse skin infection models.
  • Evaluation of biofilm inhibition, hemolytic toxin production, and synergistic effects with existing antibiotics.

Main Results:

  • Ru1-3 demonstrated excellent in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus with low hemolytic toxicity.
  • Ru3 effectively disrupted the S. aureus cell membrane and altered its permeability.
  • Ru3 showed low toxicity in G. mellonella larvae and efficacy in both larvae and mouse infection models.
  • Ru3 inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation and hemolytic toxin production, mitigating resistance development.
  • Ru3 exhibited synergistic effects with amikacin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and chloramphenicol.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized ruthenium complexes, particularly Ru3, possess significant antibacterial properties against S. aureus.
  • Ru3's mechanism involves bacterial cell membrane disruption, offering a novel approach to combat resistant strains.
  • Ru3 shows promise as a safe and effective antibiotic adjuvant, enhancing the efficacy of conventional antibiotics and potentially overcoming resistance.