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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Types of RNA01:23

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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Two for one: regulatory RNAs that encode small proteins.

Jordan J Aoyama1, Gisela Storz1

  • 1Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892-4417, USA.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|September 30, 2023
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Many RNA molecules possess dual functions, acting as both protein-coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and noncoding RNAs. This discovery reveals complex regulatory roles and evolutionary pathways for these versatile biomolecules.

Keywords:
bifunctionaldual componentdual functionmiPEPmicroproteinsmall protein

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Traditionally, RNAs are classified as either protein-coding (mRNAs) or noncoding.
  • Emerging evidence reveals a growing number of RNA transcripts with dual coding and noncoding functions across diverse organisms.
  • These dual-function RNAs can have overlapping or distinct sequence elements for their protein-coding and regulatory RNA activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the identification methods for dual-function RNAs.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of action and cellular roles of these bifunctional molecules.
  • To explore the evolutionary aspects and potential applications of dual-function RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing research examples.
  • Analysis of sequence homology and functional assays.
  • Comparative genomics and evolutionary trajectory analysis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of diverse examples of dual-function RNAs across different species.
  • Explanation of how protein and RNA activities can regulate similar or distinct biological pathways.
  • Identification of potential synergy or competition between coding and noncoding RNA functions within the same transcript.

Conclusions:

  • Dual-function RNAs represent a significant layer of biological regulation.
  • Understanding these molecules is crucial for comprehending gene expression and cellular processes.
  • Further discovery and exploitation of dual-function RNAs hold promise for future research and biotechnology.