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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos
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[Facial feminization, history, evolution of objectives].

P Bui1

  • 133, rue du Champ-de-Mars, 75007 Paris, France; Hôpital américain de Paris, 63, boulevard Victor-Hugo, 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

Annales De Chirurgie Plastique Et Esthetique
|October 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Facial feminization surgery, initially for male transsexual patients, now enhances feminine facial features in genetic women. Skeletal and soft tissue procedures contribute to facial rejuvenation and aesthetic beauty.

Keywords:
Embellissement facialFacial agingFacial beautificationFacial feminizationFacial volumetryFrontotemporal volumetryFéminisation facialeTranssexualismTranssexualismeVieillissement facialVolumétrie facialeVolumétrie frontotemporale

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Facial Skeletal Surgery
  • Aesthetic Medicine

Context:

  • Author's experience since 1990 in facial feminization surgery.
  • Initial application for male transsexual patients' social integration.
  • Expansion of techniques to genetic women seeking feminization.

Purpose:

  • To improve social integration through facial feminization.
  • To achieve a more feminine facial appearance.
  • To enhance facial rejuvenation and beauty.

Summary:

  • Facial skeletal surgery techniques were developed starting in 1990 for male transsexual patients.
  • These procedures were later adapted for genetic women desiring feminization.
  • Skeletal surgery was augmented with soft tissue procedures for comprehensive facial enhancement.

Impact:

  • Facial skeletal and volumetric surgery is a significant contribution to aesthetic goals.
  • These techniques address both functional and aesthetic aspects of facial appearance.
  • The evolution of these surgeries has broadened their application in cosmetic and reconstructive procedures.