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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Model to Study the Systemic and Local Dynamics of CD8+ T Cells During LN Metastasis
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Author Spotlight: A Model to Study the Systemic and Local Dynamics of CD8+ T Cells During LN Metastasis

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Distant lymph nodes compensate for resected tumor-draining lymph nodes during cancer immunotherapy.

Hengbo Zhou1, Lutz Menzel1,2, James W Baish3

  • 1Edwin Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|October 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surgical removal of tumor-draining lymph nodes does not impair immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response. Distant lymph nodes compensate, maintaining the effectiveness of ICB therapy for cancer patients.

Keywords:
antigen transportcompletion lymph node dissectionimmune checkpoint blockadeimmune therapylymph flowlymph node surgerysentinel lymph node biopsytumor-draining lymph node

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Lymphatic transport is crucial for presenting cancer antigens to lymph nodes, initiating anti-tumor immune responses.
  • Surgical lymph node dissection is common in cancer treatment, but its impact on immunotherapy efficacy remains debated.
  • Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy relies on T cell activation within lymph nodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether lymph node dissection affects the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB).
  • To determine if alternative lymphatic pathways can sustain anti-tumor immunity after tumor-draining lymph node (tdLN) removal.
  • To evaluate the clinical relevance of non-tdLN immune responses in patients undergoing cancer surgery and ICB.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of melanoma patient responses to PD-1 blockade after lymph node dissection.
  • Murine models of melanoma and mammary carcinoma to study ICB response after complete lymph node resection.
  • Tracking of soluble antigen and dendritic cell migration to non-directly tumor draining lymph nodes (non-tdLNs) post-tdLN dissection.
  • Correlation of ICB response with reactive lymph node presence in distant areas in head and neck cancer patients.

Main Results:

  • Melanoma patients maintained responsiveness to PD-1 blockade following lymph node dissection.
  • Murine models confirmed persistent ICB efficacy after complete lymph node removal.
  • Antigen presentation and dendritic cell migration were successfully rerouted to non-tdLNs after tdLN resection.
  • Head and neck cancer patients showed significant ICB responses when distant lymph nodes were reactive post-surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Complete lymph node resection does not abolish the effectiveness of immune checkpoint blockade.
  • Non-directly tumor draining lymph nodes (non-tdLNs) effectively compensate for the removal of tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs).
  • Distant lymph nodes play a critical role in sustaining systemic anti-tumor immunity and ICB therapy response after surgery.