ZmNRT1.1B (ZmNPF6.6) determines nitrogen use efficiency via regulation of nitrate transport and signalling in maize

Nitrate (NO₃ ^- ) is crucial for optimal plant growth and development and often limits crop productivity under low availability. In comparison with model plant Arabidopsis, the molecular mechanisms underlying NO₃ ^- acquisition and utilization remain largely unclear in maize. In particular, only a few genes have been exploited to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Here, we demonstrated that NO₃ ^- -inducible ZmNRT1.1B (ZmNPF6.6) positively regulated NO₃ ^- -dependent growth and NUE in maize. We showed that the tandem duplicated proteoform ZmNRT1.1C is irrelevant to maize seedling growth under NO₃ ^- supply; however, the loss of function of ZmNRT1.1B significantly weakened plant growth under adequate NO₃ ^- supply under both hydroponic and field conditions. The ¹⁵ N-labelled NO₃ ^- absorption assay indicated that ZmNRT1.1B mediated the high-affinity NO₃ ^- -transport and root-to-shoot NO₃ ^- translocation. Transcriptome analysis further showed, upon NO₃ ^- supply, ZmNRT1.1B promotes cytoplasmic-to-nuclear shuttling of ZmNLP3.1 (ZmNLP8), which co-regulates the expression of genes involved in NO₃ ^- response, cytokinin biosynthesis and carbon metabolism. Remarkably, overexpression of ZmNRT1.1B in modern maize hybrids improved grain yield under N-limiting fields. Taken together, our study revealed a crucial role of ZmNRT1.1B in high-affinity NO₃ ^- transport and signalling and offers valuable genetic resource for breeding N use efficient high-yield cultivars.