Chronic Exposure to Environmental Pollutant Ammonia Causes Damage to the Olfactory System and Behavioral...

Ammonia (NH₃) is a major air pollutant. However, few studies have been extended beyond the histopathological changes in the olfactory mucosa to the impact of NH₃ exposure on other parts of the olfactory system and olfactory functioning. Therefore, we assessed the effects of exogenous NH₃ (either 20 ppm for the low exposure group or 200 ppm for the high exposure group) on the various parts of the olfactory system by histological observation, gene expression, immunochemistry, and chemical analyses. A total of 140 Institute of Cancer Research mice (4 weeks old), 70 females and 70 males (average body weight at the start: 21.5 ± 1.9 g), were used. The exposure lasted for 4 weeks, and the mice were exposed to the NH₃ for 4 h per day. Our results showed that chronic exposure to NH₃ damaged the olfactory system, with consequences for changing the foraging behavior and anxiety behavior. Our results also suggest that it is plausible that NH₃ recruited T cells and activated microglia cells and astrocytes, leading to inflammation in the olfactory system. Increased release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and interferon-γ) and reduced release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IFN-beta) led to tissue damage and compromised the functions of the olfactory system.