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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
08:13

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

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Assessing Racial Effects on Adjudicative Competence.

Kelsey S Hobart1, Shilpa Krishnan1, Sean D Cleary1

  • 1At the time of this work, Dr. Hobart was Physician Resident (PGY-IV), Department of Psychiatry, Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, DC; she is currently a fellow in forensic psychiatry at the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Dr. Krishnan is Deputy Director, Forensic Services Division, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, DC. Dr. Cleary is Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Dr. Candilis is Director of Medical Affairs, Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, DC, and Professor of Psychiatry, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.

The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
|October 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study examined racial disparities in forensic outcomes among pretrial defendants. Researchers found only differences in psychological testing referrals, suggesting socioeconomic factors heavily influence race in forensic practice.

Keywords:
competency to stand trialforensic hospital psychiatryinstitutional racismracial determinants

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Psychology
  • Racial Disparities Research
  • Legal Medicine

Background:

  • Racial influences are prevalent across forensic practice, necessitating methods to separate race from its socioeconomic, historical, and attitudinal factors.
  • Variations in jurisdictional influences create inconsistencies in forensic data analysis and policy development.
  • Understanding these complexities is crucial for equitable forensic evaluations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare racial outcomes among pretrial defendants.
  • To investigate socioeconomic, clinical, and forensic factors influencing these outcomes.
  • To determine if racial influences can be isolated from confounding variables.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective database review of 200 pretrial defendants (160 Black, 40 White).
  • Exploration of socioeconomic, clinical, and forensic data before, during, and after hospitalization.
  • Confirmatory data collection and logistic regression statistical analysis.

Main Results:

  • Investigators hypothesized difficulty in distinguishing racial influences due to the strong link between socioeconomic factors and race.
  • Only differences in referral for psychological testing were statistically identified between racial groups.
  • No other significant differences in forensic outcomes were found when controlling for other variables.

Conclusions:

  • Socioeconomic factors are closely intertwined with race in forensic settings, complicating the isolation of racial influence.
  • Referral for psychological testing may be a key area where racial disparities manifest in forensic evaluations.
  • The proposed methodology, adapted to local demographics, can help institutions assess racial influences on forensic outcomes.