Vaccination prevents IL-1β-mediated cognitive deficits after COVID-19

Up to 25% of SARS-CoV-2 patients exhibit post-acute cognitive sequelae. Although millions of cases of COVID-19-mediated memory dysfunction are accumulating worldwide, the underlying mechanisms and how vaccination lowers risk are unknown. Interleukin-1, a key component of innate immune defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection, is elevated in the hippocampi of COVID-19 patients. Here we show that intranasal infection of C57BL/6J mice with SARS-CoV-2 beta variant, leads to CNS infiltration of Ly6C^hi monocytes and microglial activation. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2, but not H1N1 influenza virus, increases levels of brain IL-1β and induces persistent IL-1R1-mediated loss of hippocampal neurogenesis, which promotes post-acute cognitive deficits. Breakthrough infection after vaccination with a low dose of adenoviral vectored Spike protein prevents hippocampal production of IL-1β during breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, loss of neurogenesis, and subsequent memory deficits. Our study identifies IL-1β as one potential mechanism driving SARS-CoV-2-induced cognitive impairment in a new murine model that is prevented by vaccination.