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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Electrifying H₂O₂ synthesis with g-C₃N₄-based single atom catalysts.

¹School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea. jryu@unist.ac.kr.

Nanoscale Horizons

|October 4, 2023

Summary

Researchers developed transition metal single atoms on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for efficient hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis. This method enables sustainable production of hydrogen peroxide under neutral conditions.

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a promising sustainable chemical production method.
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based materials are explored for catalytic applications.
Single-atom catalysts offer high atom utilization and unique catalytic properties.

Discussion:

The study investigates transition metal single atoms embedded in graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets.
This advanced material architecture facilitates the neutral electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide.
The research focuses on optimizing the catalyst structure for enhanced H2O2 production efficiency.

Key Insights:

Transition metal single atoms integrated into g-C3N4 nanosheets exhibit high activity for H2O2 electrosynthesis.
The material design enables efficient H2O2 production under neutral pH conditions, minimizing side reactions.
This work demonstrates a novel approach for on-demand H2O2 generation.

Outlook:

Further exploration of different transition metals and support materials for improved performance.
Scaling up the synthesis process for industrial applications.
Investigating the long-term stability and recyclability of the single-atom catalysts.