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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
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PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Published on: March 28, 2025

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Bcl-3 regulates T cell function through energy metabolism.

Hui Liu1, Lin Zeng1, Mengmeng Pan1

  • 1Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.

BMC Immunology
|October 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Bcl-3 regulates T-cell energy metabolism via the mTOR pathway. This protein impacts T-cell proliferation, activation, and ATP production, offering new avenues for immune disease treatment.

Keywords:
Bcl-3JurkatMetabolismT cells

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Pathways

Background:

  • Bcl-3 is a key regulator of NF-κB activity and crucial for adaptive immune cell development and survival.
  • The role of Bcl-3 in T-cell metabolic regulation remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of Bcl-3 in T-cell metabolism and function.
  • To elucidate the involvement of the mTOR pathway in Bcl-3-mediated T-cell regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Bcl-3-deficient Jurkat T cells and naive CD4+ T cells.
  • Assessed T-cell proliferation, activation, intracellular ATP, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane potential.
  • Analyzed the expression of mTOR, Akt, and Raptor in Jurkat cells.

Main Results:

  • Bcl-3 deficiency inhibited Jurkat T-cell proliferation but enhanced activation.
  • Bcl-3 depletion reduced intracellular ATP and ROS levels and mitochondrial membrane potential.
  • Knockout of Bcl-3 altered the expression of mTOR, Akt, and Raptor in Jurkat cells.

Conclusions:

  • Bcl-3 influences T-cell energy metabolism through the mTOR pathway, impacting T-cell function.
  • These findings offer novel insights into Bcl-3's role in T-cell metabolism for immune disease prevention and treatment.