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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

50.9K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

327
Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
327
Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

313
Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
313
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

28.0K
Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
28.0K
Capillarity in Fluid01:19

Capillarity in Fluid

230
Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...
230
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

58.6K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

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Spiers Memorial Lecture: Water at interfaces.

Shane W Devlin1,2, Franky Bernal1,2, Erika J Riffe1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. saykally@berkeley.edu.

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Summary

This review covers interfacial water dynamics, charged interfaces, ice, and soft matter interfaces. It highlights recent theoretical and experimental advances and practical applications.

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Interfacial water phenomena are crucial in diverse scientific and industrial applications.
  • Understanding these interfaces requires integrating theoretical and experimental approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current issues and advances in four key areas of interfacial water science.
  • To highlight practical applications and unresolved controversies in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of current theoretical frameworks.
  • Emphasis on recent experimental findings.
  • Analysis of practical manifestations and controversies.

Main Results:

  • Overview of progress in nano-rheology of interfacial water.
  • Summary of developments in electrified/charged aqueous interfaces.
  • Insights into ice interfaces and soft matter/water interfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Significant advances have been made in understanding interfacial water.
  • Further research is needed to resolve existing controversies and explore new applications.