WIC Participation and Coping Strategies Adopted by Families During the Infant Formula Shortage Crisis

Availability of benefits and expanded flexibilities to obtain formula, granted by the US Department of Agriculture shortly after the onset of infant formula shortage in February 2022, could have mitigated adverse experiences related to the shortage in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) families.

To examine association of household WIC participation with formula shortage experiences and coping strategies adopted by families using Household Pulse Survey data.

Cross-sectional.

The current study utilized Phase 3.7 of the Household Pulse Survey with the following data collection periods: December 9 through 19, 2022, January 4 through 16, 2023, and February 1 through 13, 2023. The primary analytic sample (N = 1,542) consisted of households with income ≤185% of the federal poverty level and children younger than age 18 months.

Experiences and coping strategies during the formula shortage.

Logistic regression examined associations of WIC participation with odds of being affected by formula shortage and difficulty in obtaining formula during the past week. Among those affected by the shortage, association of WIC participation with odds of utilizing coping strategies was examined.

No statistically significant differences were observed in the rates of being affected by formula shortage and having difficulty in obtaining formula during the past week between WIC participants and income-eligible nonparticipants. However, among those affected by the shortage, WIC participation was related to significantly lower odds of using suboptimal practices as a coping strategy (odds ratio 0.38, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.71; P = 0.003). WIC participants also had significantly higher odds of solely changing formula type, brand, or method of receipt (odds ratio 2.63, 95% CI 1.20 to 5.73; P = 0.02).

Findings from this study suggest that WIC participants may have utilized more optimal coping strategies during the infant formula shortage compared with income-eligible nonparticipants. Additional research is needed to determine whether or not these findings could be attributed to expanded flexibilities to maximize formula access among WIC participants during the shortage.