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The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
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The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
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The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function, reflecting the volume of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. On average, GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Maintaining a relatively constant GFR is essential for the kidneys to effectively regulate body fluid homeostasis and maintain extracellular stability.
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Climate change and its influence in nephron mass.

Ana Catalina Alvarez-Elias1,2,3, Barry M Brenner4, Valerie A Luyckx4,5,6

  • 1Renal Research Institute, New York City, New York, USA.

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Summary

Climate change negatively impacts kidney health in children and adults. Prenatal exposure to climate-related factors can reduce nephron mass, increasing lifelong kidney disease risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Nephrology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Climate change, marked by extreme weather and heat, adversely affects adult and child kidney function.
  • The impact of climate change on fetal kidney development and long-term kidney health is under-researched.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes clinical evidence linking climate change to nephron mass.
  • Examines the vulnerability of pregnant women to climate-related stressors.

Key Points:

  • Maternal exposure to heat, pollution, and infections during pregnancy is linked to low birth weight, preterm birth, and preeclampsia.
  • These adverse birth outcomes correlate with reduced nephron count, impaired kidney function, and hypertension in offspring.
  • Air pollution exposure in children is associated with elevated blood pressure and variable effects on glomerular filtration rate.

Conclusions:

  • Climate change poses a dual threat: impairing fetal kidney development and causing postnatal kidney injury.
  • Adverse effects on population-level kidney health in future generations are a significant concern.