Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 14, 2025
Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
Published on: October 22, 2014
Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Cardiovascular Mortality Attributable to Environmental Risks in China
Wuqiong Zhao1, Mengying Huang2, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi3
1School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Introduction:
This study aimed to analyze changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality attributable to major environmental risks in China during 1990-2019, and their associations with age, period, and birth cohort.
Methods:
Mortality data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Major environmental risks included ambient particulate matter pollution (APMP), household air pollution from solid fuels (HAP), low temperature, high temperature, and lead exposure. Age-period-cohort modeling was used to estimate the overall annual percentage change in CVD mortality (net drift), annual percentage change for each age group (local drift), expected longitudinal age-specific rate (longitudinal age curve), period and cohort relative risks (RRs, period/cohort effects) between 1990 and 2019. Analyses were conducted in 2021-2022.
Results:
In China, five major environmental risks led to 1.62 million CVD deaths in 2019. Among these risks, the primary contributor to CVD mortality transited from HAP in 1990 to APMP in 2019. There was also an improvement in attributable CVD mortality rates for low temperature and lead exposure during 1990-2019, while an unfavorable trend was noted for high temperature. The longitudinal age curve demonstrated increased attributable CVD mortality rates with age groups for all environmental risks, with similar patterns for both sexes. Period and cohort RRs suggested generally improved risks of attributable CVD mortality for HAP, low temperature, and lead exposure, but worsening risks for APMP and high temperature in both genders, except for period risks after 2010-2014 for APMP in both sexes, period risks after 2000-2004 for high temperature in females, and cohort risks in cohorts born after 1955 for APMP and high temperature in females.
Conclusions:
Over the study period, there was a significant improvement in attributable CVD mortality rates in China for HAP, low temperature and lead exposure, but an unfavorable trend was noted for APMP and high temperature.
More Related Videos
07:35Aggravation of Myocardial Ischemia upon Particulate Matter Exposure in Atherosclerosis Animal Model
Published on: December 10, 2021
09:33Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India
Published on: December 23, 2022
Related Concept Videos
01:30Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction
01:27Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
01:23Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
01:25Statistical Methods for Analyzing Epidemiological Data
01:26Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures
01:29Bias in Epidemiological Studies