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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Macroevolution of avian T cell receptor C segments using genomic data.

Chunhong Liang1, Lin Sun1, Ying Zhu2

  • 1College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.

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Avian T cell receptor (TCR) complex segments show diverse copy numbers and phylogenetic relationships across bird species. This study reveals evolutionary events shaping TCR diversity, enhancing our understanding of avian immune systems.

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Architecture of TCR lociBird’s TCRC segmentCopy numberV segment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Jawless vertebrates possess four T cell receptor (TCR) chains crucial for immune defense.
  • Avian TCR research is limited, despite extensive study of their major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize avian T cell receptor complex (TCR-C) segments, including copy numbers, phylogenetic relationships, and selection.
  • To investigate the genomic organization of TCR loci across diverse bird species.
  • To explore gene duplication and loss events in avian TCR evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of public genome data for avian TCR loci.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of TCR-C segments.
  • Comparative genomics to infer evolutionary events.

Main Results:

  • Varied copy numbers of TCRα/TCRδ, TCRβ, and TCRγ segments were identified across avian species.
  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed ancient gene duplications and lineage-specific evolutionary trends.
  • Most passerines lack CδII segments and a second TRD locus, with exceptions in Meliphagidae and Maluridae.
  • A stable genomic structure of four TCR loci was observed, with variations in V segment group arrangements.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of avian TCR-C segments.
  • Gene duplication and loss events have significantly shaped the diversity of avian TCR repertoires.
  • Understanding TCR diversity is key to comprehending the complexities of avian immunity.