Accurate classification of land use and land cover using a boundary-specific two-level learning approach augmented...

Land use land cover (LULC) classification using remote sensing images is a valuable resource in various fields such as climate change, urban development, and land degradation monitoring. The city of Madurai in India is known for its diverse geographical elements and rich heritage, which includes the cultural sport of "Jallikattu": whose main competitor, the zebusare deeply affected by the conversion of their waterbodies and pastures into concrete jungles. Hence, monitoring land degradation is vital in preserving the geography and cultural heritage of the study area, Madurai. The "Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager tier_2 collection_2 Level_2 Surface Reflectance" image was taken for this study. The LULC classification is performed based on the following classes: forest, agriculture, urban, water bodies, uncultivated land, and bare land. The objective of the study is to incorporate auxiliary features to spectral and textural features along with a simple non-iterative clustering (SNIC) segmentation algorithm and implement a boundary-specific two-level learning approach based on support vector machines (SVM) and k nearest neighbors (kNN) classification algorithms. The overall accuracy (OA) of 95.78% and 0 .94 Kappa score (K) were obtained using a boundary-specific two-level model augmented with auxiliary feature and SNIC algorithm in comparison to PB, OB, and OBS, which achieve OA (K) of 81% (0.76), 91% (0.89), and 94.42% (0.92), respectively. The results demonstrate a notable enhancement in overall classification accuracy when augmenting the features and refining classification decisions using a boundary-specific two-level learning approach.