Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 14, 2025
08:01
Cutaneous Surgical Denervation: A Method for Testing the Requirement for Nerves in Mouse Models of Skin Disease
Published on: June 26, 2016
9.8K
Neuromodulators for Skin.
Anya Costeloe1, Angela Nguyen2, Corey Maas3
1Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Maas Clinic, 2400 Clay Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; California Pacific Heights Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Premier Plastic Surgery, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
|October 8, 2023
Summary
Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) is a popular nonsurgical cosmetic treatment. Its uses are expanding beyond wrinkles to skin rejuvenation and treating facial nerve disorders.
Area of Science:
- Aesthetic Medicine
- Dermatology
- Neurology
Background:
- Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) is a widely adopted nonsurgical aesthetic procedure.
- Five distinct BoNTA products are available for cosmetic applications.
- Off-label applications for BoNTA are increasing, including skin rejuvenation and treating skin disorders.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the expanding applications of Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA).
- To highlight the use of BoNTA in skin rejuvenation and facial nerve paralysis.
- To discuss the growing popularity of dermal and subdermal BoNTA injections for skin quality improvement.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) applications.
- Analysis of cosmetic and therapeutic uses of BoNTA.
- Identification of common muscle targets for BoNTA in facial nerve synkinesis.
Main Results:
- BoNTA is a leading nonsurgical aesthetic treatment for diverse age groups.
- BoNTA demonstrates efficacy in improving skin texture and quality via dermal/subdermal injections.
- Specific muscles targeted for chemodenervation in facial nerve synkinesis include orbicularis oculi, mentalis, and frontalis.
Conclusions:
- Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) offers versatile applications in aesthetic medicine and dermatology.
- The use of BoNTA extends to therapeutic areas like facial nerve paralysis and skin disorders.
- Targeted chemodenervation with BoNTA is a key strategy for managing facial nerve synkinesis.
Related Concept Videos
01:16Sensory Functions of the Skin
5.1K
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
5.1K
01:31Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses
498
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
498
01:17Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action
1.9K
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers induce paralysis by competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle end plate. Examples include pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, and rocuronium. These quaternary ammonium derivatives are administered intravenously, are poorly absorbed, and are excreted via the kidneys.
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...
1.9K
01:29Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade
3.1K
The site of chemical communication between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The end of the motor neuron at the NMJ divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs. The cytoplasm of these bulbs consists of synaptic vesicles enclosing acetylcholine molecules, the principal neurotransmitter released at the NMJ. The region opposite the synaptic bulb that ends in the muscle fiber is called the motor end plate, which has acetylcholine receptors. Within the...
3.1K
01:24Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers
849
Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
849
01:33Somatosensation
36.7K
The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
36.7K