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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Simple and Efficient Neural Retina Organoid Production for Disease Modeling
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Generating Retinas through Guided Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation and Direct Somatic Cell Reprogramming.

Ke Zhang1, Wenwen Cai1, Leyi Hu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510623, China.

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy
|October 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Generating retinal cells in vitro aids research into degenerative eye diseases. These lab-grown cells offer new avenues for understanding and treating conditions like retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration.

Keywords:
RPE.Retinaphotoreceptorpluripotent stem cellreprogrammingretinal ganglion cellretinal organoid

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Regenerative Medicine
  • Ophthalmology and Vision Science

Background:

  • Retinal degeneration diseases impact millions globally, posing significant challenges for treatment.
  • Effective research and therapy development necessitate a consistent supply of human retinal cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in generating retinal cells in vitro.
  • To explore the applications of these cells in understanding retinal diseases and developing therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols for retinal cells.
  • Detailing direct somatic cell reprogramming techniques for retinal cell generation.
  • Analyzing the translational applications of in vitro-generated retinal cells.

Main Results:

  • In vitro methods, including stem cell differentiation and somatic cell reprogramming, yield retinal cells that mimic native cells.
  • These lab-generated retinal cells enhance the understanding of retinal diseases.
  • In vitro retinal cells serve as crucial donor cells for cell replacement therapies.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro generation of retinal cells represents a significant breakthrough for retinal disease research and therapy.
  • Further refinement of protocols and exploration of applications are essential for future progress.