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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Towards maximizing the In2O3/m-ZrO2 interfaces for CO2-to-methanol hydrogenation.

Alin Luo1, Haohao Chang1, Feifan Gao1

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We developed an efficient In15/m-ZrO2-DTPA catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. This durable catalyst shows high selectivity and consistent conversion over 400 hours.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Developing efficient catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation is crucial for sustainable chemical production.
  • Indium oxide (In2O3)-based catalysts show promise but often suffer from limited reducibility and stability.
  • Optimizing catalyst structure and interfaces is key to enhancing performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel and durable catalyst for efficient CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.
  • To improve the reducibility and interfacial properties of In2O3-based catalysts.
  • To investigate the structure-activity relationship of the developed catalyst.

Main Methods:

  • Chelating-assisted impregnation using diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA).
  • Synthesis of In15/m-ZrO2-DTPA catalyst.
  • Characterization of catalyst properties, including reducibility and interfacial structures.
  • Evaluation of catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

Main Results:

  • The In15/m-ZrO2-DTPA catalyst demonstrated enhanced In2O3 reducibility and unique interfacial Zr-O-In structures.
  • The catalyst exhibited remarkable CO2 activation and hydrogenation capabilities.
  • Achieved up to 91% selectivity for methanol at 260 °C and 5.0 MPa.
  • Maintained consistent CO2 conversion for over 400 hours, indicating excellent durability.

Conclusions:

  • Chelating-assisted impregnation with DTPA is an effective strategy for developing advanced CO2 hydrogenation catalysts.
  • The In15/m-ZrO2-DTPA catalyst offers a promising solution for efficient and durable methanol production from CO2.
  • The interfacial Zr-O-In structures play a critical role in the catalyst's superior performance.