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Modelling and verification of post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms using Maude.

Víctor García1, Santiago Escobar1, Kazuhiro Ogata2

  • 1Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.

Peerj. Computer Science
|October 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Quantum computing threatens current cybersecurity. This study introduces a formal framework to analyze post-quantum cryptography, revealing a man-in-the-middle attack and a vulnerability in Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation.

Keywords:
Formal verificationKey encapsulation mechanismsMaudePost-quantum protocolsRewriting logic

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Cryptography
  • Information Security

Background:

  • Current communication systems rely on classical cryptography, vulnerable to quantum computing.
  • The National Institute of Standards and Technologies' Post-Quantum Cryptography project aims to develop quantum-resistant solutions.
  • Formal verification is crucial for assessing the security of cryptographic protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a formal framework in Maude for analyzing post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms.
  • To assess the security of these mechanisms under the Dolev-Yao model.
  • To identify vulnerabilities and propose solutions for post-quantum cryptography.

Main Methods:

  • Constructed a symbolic model of participant behavior in a network using Maude.
  • Performed reachability analysis to detect security flaws.
  • Utilized Maude Linear Temporal Logic model checker for security, liveness, and fairness analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified a man-in-the-middle attack affecting all analyzed post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms.
  • Discovered a design vulnerability in the Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation protocol.
  • Confirmed that security properties are compromised, while liveness and fairness properties hold.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Maude framework effectively identifies security vulnerabilities in post-quantum cryptography.
  • The man-in-the-middle attack and Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation vulnerability necessitate further research for robust solutions.
  • Formal methods are essential for ensuring the security of future quantum-resistant cryptographic systems.