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Related Concept Videos

Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Autophagy01:27

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans
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Lysosomes in senescence and aging.

Jay Xiaojun Tan1,2, Toren Finkel1,3

  • 1Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

EMBO Reports
|October 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Lysosomal dysfunction is linked to aging and disease. A newly defined system, the lysosomal processing and adaptation system (LYPAS), adapts to stress and may offer therapeutic targets for aging.

Keywords:
LYPASage-related diseaseautophagylysosomal quality controlsenescence

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Aging Research
  • Molecular Mechanisms

Background:

  • Lysosomes are crucial hydrolytic organelles in animal cells.
  • Lysosomal dysfunction is implicated in aging and age-related diseases, leading to cellular senescence or death.
  • The exact mechanisms linking lysosomal dysfunction to cellular and organismal phenotypes are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify coordinated cellular processes regulating lysosomal activity as the lysosomal processing and adaptation system (LYPAS).
  • To review evidence on LYPAS's role in cellular stress responses, senescence, and cell death.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of LYPAS for age-related diseases and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on lysosomal function and regulation.
  • Classification of cellular pathways involved in lysosomal activity under stress.
  • Analysis of evidence linking LYPAS to cellular senescence and death pathways.

Main Results:

  • Lysosomes are central to cellular stress responses due to their degradation capabilities.
  • The lysosomal processing and adaptation system (LYPAS) is upregulated by various cellular stresses.
  • LYPAS adaptability plays a key role in regulating decisions between cellular senescence and cell death.

Conclusions:

  • The LYPAS is a critical regulatory system for lysosomal function under stress.
  • LYPAS adaptability influences cellular fate decisions, impacting aging and disease.
  • Targeting LYPAS presents a promising therapeutic strategy for age-related conditions and potentially aging itself.