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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain is a crucial metabolic pathway facilitating energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes that mediate a series of redox reactions located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. These complexes function by transferring electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to terminal electron acceptors, including oxygen in aerobic respiration...
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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a phototrophic process that captures light energy to drive carbon fixation without producing molecular oxygen. Unlike oxygenic photosynthesis, which utilizes water as an electron donor and releases oxygen, anoxygenic phototrophs use alternative electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), elemental sulfur (S⁰), or thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻). This process is carried out by diverse groups of bacteria, including purple bacteria, green...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic...
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
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Bacterial extracellular electron transfer components are spin selective.

Christina M Niman1, Nir Sukenik1, Tram Dang2

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|October 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect facilitates electron transport in metal-reducing bacteria. This study shows spin selectivity in MtrA and STC proteins, impacting the entire electron transport pathway.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biophysics
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Metal-reducing bacteria use extracellular electron transport (EET) for respiration.
  • Multiheme cytochromes are key to EET, spanning cellular membranes.
  • The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect was previously observed in cell surface proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate CISS in upstream EET components: MtrA and STC.
  • To determine if spin selectivity is present in membrane-associated and periplasmic cytochromes.
  • To explore the role of CISS in the complete extracellular electron transport pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized conductive probe atomic force microscopy (cp-AFM).
  • Measured protein monolayers adsorbed onto ferromagnetic substrates.
  • Quantified spin polarization of MtrA and STC.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated spin-selective electron transport in both MtrA and STC.
  • Determined MtrA spin polarization at ~77% and STC at ~35%.
  • Observed a potential length-dependent relationship for spin selectivity in heme proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Spin-dependent interactions are integral to the entire extracellular electron transport pathway.
  • CISS plays a significant role in efficient electron transfer in metal-reducing bacteria.
  • Findings advance understanding of bioenergetics and electron transfer mechanisms.