Biological activities and polyphenolic profile of Stachys arvensis (L.) L

The n-butanol extract of Stachys arvensis (L.) L. aerial parts (BESA) was analysed by LC-HRMS/MS. 43 Polyphenols, including flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, phenylethaoids, chromones, gallotannins, coumarins and chalcones with hyperoside (13.85%), panasenoside (10.31%), myricitrin (7.89%) and sayaendoside (7.16%), as the major compounds, were identified. High total phenolics (470.21 ± 1.22 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoids (189.05 ± 0.72 mg QE/g extract) contents were measured. In addition, the BESA exhibited a higher antioxidant effect in CUPRAC (A_0.5:0.45 ± 0.03 μg/mL), DPPH (IC₅₀:4.51 ± 0.16 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC₅₀:7.10 ± 0.18 μg/mL) assays than the standards BHA and α-Tocopherol. Moreover the extract showed a good inhibitory effect against BChE (IC₅₀: 145.02 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and α-amylase (IC₅₀:2.66 ± 0.0024 mg/mL). The BESA exhibited an excellent anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀:416 ± 0,056 μg/mL) which was close to that of acetylsalicylic acid, used as a control. The BESA was toxic towards T. molitor larvae and it possessed a good antibacterial activity against gram (+) and gram (-) tested strains.