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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Quantifying Peripheral Modulation of Olfaction by Trigeminal Agonists.

Federica Genovese1, Jiang Xu2, Marco Tizzano2

  • 1Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 fgenovese@monell.org.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|October 9, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trigeminal activation by odorants reduces olfactory responses in the nose. This modulation, observed early in olfactory sensory transduction, depends on trigeminal channel activation, impacting odor perception.

Keywords:
chemesthesischemosensoryolfactionphysiology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Biology
  • Olfaction Research

Background:

  • Mammalian olfaction involves both olfactory and trigeminal systems.
  • Trigeminal activation modulates olfactory responses, but mechanisms are unclear.
  • Olfactory epithelium (OE) is where sensory neurons and trigeminal fibers interact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how trigeminal activation modulates olfactory responses in the OE.
  • Characterize trigeminal activation by odorants.
  • Determine the role of TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels in this modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Primary cultures of trigeminal neurons (TGNs) used for Ca2+ imaging.
  • Electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings from wild-type (WT) and TRPA1/V1-knockout (KO) mice.
  • Tested odorant 2-phenylethanol (PEA) response after trigeminal agonist stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Trigeminal agonists decreased EOG responses to PEA.
  • This decrease correlated with TRPA1 and TRPV1 activation levels.
  • Trigeminal activation impacts olfactory responses at the earliest sensory transduction stage.

Conclusions:

  • Trigeminal system activation significantly reduces olfactory responses in the OE.
  • This modulation is dependent on the trigeminal potency of the activating agent.
  • Findings reveal early-stage trigeminal influence on olfactory signal processing.