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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Development of Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts using Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks MOFs
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Advances in heterogeneous single-cluster catalysis.

Xinzhe Li1,2, Sharon Mitchell3, Yiyun Fang2

  • 1Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.

Nature Reviews. Chemistry
|October 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single-cluster catalysts (SCCs) offer tunable properties for novel reactions. Understanding the cluster environment is key to unlocking stable and selective performance in heterogeneous catalysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Single-cluster catalysts (SCCs) with atomically precise metal clusters on supports show promise for new reactions.
  • Past research faced synthetic and analytical challenges, limiting understanding of surface chemistry.
  • The cluster environment significantly impacts SCC performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of the cluster environment in SCCs.
  • To demonstrate how tailoring the entire catalytic ensemble enhances performance.
  • To explore future directions for SCC design.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SCCs.
  • Analysis of factors influencing SCC performance: metal-support interactions, ligand sphere, reaction media, and dynamics.
  • Illustrative examples of tailored SCCs for various reactions.

Main Results:

  • Robust metal-support interactions and controlled ligand spheres are crucial.
  • Reaction media and dynamic cluster behavior influence reactivity.
  • Tailoring the entire catalytic ensemble enables stable and selective catalysis.

Conclusions:

  • Considering the complete cluster environment is essential for advancing SCCs.
  • SCCs can be engineered for stable and selective performance in complex reactions.
  • Further research into SCC design holds significant potential for catalysis.