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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

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To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
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Hydrocarbon Ionomeric Binders for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers.

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This review explores hydrocarbon ionomers as alternatives to perfluoroalkyl substances for fuel cells and electrolyzers. It outlines design principles for advanced hydrocarbon ionomers to meet electrode performance requirements.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Ionomeric binders (ionomers) are critical for polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers.
  • Environmental concerns regarding perfluoroalkyl substances drive the need for alternatives.
  • Hydrocarbon ionomers are emerging as promising substitutes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review ionomer requirements for fuel cell and electrolyzer electrodes.
  • To highlight design principles for developing advanced hydrocarbon ionomers.
  • To guide future research in sustainable ionomer technology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature survey of ionomer applications in fuel cells and electrolyzers.
  • Analysis of ionomer properties and performance metrics.
  • Synthesis of design strategies for hydrocarbon ionomers.

Main Results:

  • Identified key performance criteria for ionomers in electrode applications.
  • Outlined structure-property relationships for effective hydrocarbon ionomers.
  • Provided a framework for designing next-generation ionomers.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrocarbon ionomers offer a viable, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional ionomers.
  • Strategic design based on outlined principles can lead to high-performance hydrocarbon ionomers.
  • Further development of hydrocarbon ionomers is crucial for advancing clean energy technologies.