Enhanced Resonance for Facilitated Modulation of Large-Area Perovskite Films with Stable Photovoltaics

Upscaling efficient and stable perovskite films is a challenging task in the industrialization of perovskite solar cells partly due to the lack of high-performance hole transport materials (HTMs), which can simultaneously promote hole transport and regulate the quality of perovskite films especially in inverted solar cells. Here, a novel HTM based on N-C = O resonance structure is designed for facilitating the modulation of the crystallization and bottom-surface defects of perovskite films. Benefiting from the resonance interconversion (N-C = O and N⁺ = C-O^- ) in donor-resonance-donor (D-r-D) architecture and interactions with uncoordinated Pb²⁺ in perovskite, the resulting D-r-D HTM with two donor units exhibits not only excellent hole extraction and transport capacities, but also efficient crystallization modulation of perovskite for high-quality photovoltaic films in large area. The D-r-D HTM-based large-area (1.02 cm² ) devices exhibit high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 21.0%. Moreover, the large-area devices have excellent photo-thermal stability, showing only a 2.6% reduction in PCE under continuous AM 1.5G light illumination at elevated temperature (≈65 °C) for over 1320 h without encapsulation.