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Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the identification and characterization of bacteria, with multiple methods leveraging DNA sequencing for enhanced precision. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decline, these approaches are increasingly used in clinical, environmental, and evolutionary studies.Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) examines several housekeeping genes, essential chromosomal genes encoding cellular functions, to distinguish strains. Approximately...
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
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Molecular diagnostic approaches for SARS-CoV-2 detection and pathophysiological consequences.

Camila Salazar-Ardiles1, Leyla Asserella-Rebollo2, Carlos Cornejo1

  • 1Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FIMEDALT), Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta #02800, Antofagasta, Chile.

Molecular Biology Reports
|October 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 diagnostic tests, including PCR, antigen, and serological methods, have advanced rapidly. Genomic surveillance tracks SARS-CoV-2 variants, but all tests have limitations requiring ongoing improvement.

Keywords:
COVID-19DiagnosisIdentificationInfectionPathophysiologySARS-COV-2SymptomsVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in significant global health and economic impacts.
  • Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, and loss of taste/smell, with severe cases leading to viral pneumonitis and fatalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in diagnostic technologies for COVID-19.
  • To discuss the evolution and current landscape of SARS-CoV-2 detection methods.
  • To highlight the limitations and ongoing needs in COVID-19 diagnostics and surveillance.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) for viral RNA detection.
  • Antigen tests for identifying specific viral proteins.
  • Serological tests for detecting antibodies.
  • Genomic surveillance using Illumina and nanopore metagenomic sequencing (SMTN) for variant identification.

Main Results:

  • RT-qPCR remains a primary diagnostic tool for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
  • Antigen and serological tests offer rapid detection and antibody identification, respectively.
  • Saliva-based tests provide a non-invasive sample collection alternative.
  • Genomic surveillance is crucial for monitoring evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnostic testing for COVID-19 has seen remarkable progress.
  • No single diagnostic method is perfect; limitations in sensitivity, specificity, sample collection, and viral load detection persist.
  • Continuous innovation and genomic surveillance are essential for effective pandemic management.