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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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What is Climate?01:16

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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Future precipitation increase constrained by climatological pattern of cloud effect.

Wenyu Zhou1, L Ruby Leung2, Nicholas Siler3

  • 1Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA. wenyu.zhou@pnnl.gov.

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Global precipitation increases with warming, but models disagree. This study links precipitation sensitivity to cloud feedback, reducing model uncertainty by 25% for better climate impact assessments.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate science
  • Atmospheric physics
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Global mean precipitation increase is a key indicator of hydrological cycle intensification due to anthropogenic warming.
  • Current climate models exhibit over a threefold uncertainty in projected precipitation changes, impeding accurate climate impact assessments.
  • Uncertainty in precipitation projections arises from uncertainties in both hydrological sensitivity and climate sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between hydrological and climate sensitivities.
  • To constrain projections of global mean precipitation increase using observed cloud feedback patterns.
  • To reduce uncertainty in climate change impact assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Unified surface-energy-balance approach to analyze hydrological and climate sensitivities.
  • Correlation analysis between sensitivities and surface shortwave cloud feedback.
  • Linking cloud feedback to climatological patterns of cloud shortwave effect.

Main Results:

  • Hydrological and climate sensitivities are significantly correlated with surface shortwave cloud feedback.
  • Observed cloud effect patterns constrain both sensitivities, thereby constraining global mean precipitation increase projections.
  • Uncertainty in projected precipitation increase is reduced by approximately 25% under high- and moderate-emission scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Observed cloud patterns provide a valuable constraint on climate model projections of precipitation intensification.
  • Reduced uncertainty in precipitation projections enhances the reliability of climate impact assessments.
  • This research offers a pathway to more credible predictions of future hydrological changes.