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Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Potential of VSFG Microscopy in Studying Mesoscopically Heterogeneous Self-Assembled Structures
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Phase recognition in SEM-EDX chemical maps using positive matrix factorization.

Xiangrui Kong1, Ivana Staničić2, Viktor Andersson1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.

Methodsx
|October 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Positive matrix factorization (PMF) effectively analyzes elemental maps from scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to reveal chemical composition and interactions in solid materials.

Keywords:
Chemical loopingEDXNon-negative matrix factorizationPMFPMF analysis of SEM-EDX imagesSEM

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Data Analysis

Background:

  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) provides detailed elemental composition of solid materials.
  • Understanding the mixing state and interactions of elements is crucial for material characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt and apply Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) for analyzing elemental maps generated by SEM-EDX.
  • To demonstrate the capability of PMF in identifying common elemental features and visualizing their spatial distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Conversion of graphical and digital SEM-EDX images into PMF input files.
  • Application of PMF, a multivariate factor analysis technique, to group elements based on common occurrences in elemental maps.
  • Visualization of PMF-derived factor maps to illustrate chemical composition and interactions.

Main Results:

  • PMF successfully grouped elements into distinct factors, representing common chemical associations.
  • Visualized factor maps provided insights into ash interactions and the composition of different chemical layers in oxygen carrier materials.
  • The method demonstrated effectiveness in handling various chemical mapping data, including large datasets.

Conclusions:

  • PMF is a valuable tool for analyzing complex elemental mapping data from techniques like SEM-EDX.
  • The adapted method enhances the understanding of material composition, mixing states, and interfacial chemistry.
  • This approach is versatile and applicable to diverse chemical mapping datasets beyond SEM-EDX.