Detail study on the interaction between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with human hemoglobin (Hb)

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are often referred to as legacy perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Human exposure to PFAS leads to severe negative health impacts including cancers, infertility, and dysfunction in the kidneys. Steady-state absorbance, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) methods were used to study the interactions between PFOA and Hb. The results demonstrate the presence of multiple PFOA binding sites on the Hb protein. The detailed analysis of the ferric hemoglobin protein (met Hb) absorbance data as a function of PFOA concentration indicates the presence of at least two binding sites with equilibrium dissociation constants of 0.8 ± (0.2) × 10^-6 M and 63 ± (15) × 10^-5 M. A competitive binding study with 1,8-ANS showed PFOA can bind to the same binding site as 1,8-ANS on the Hb protein. The titration curve for PFOA binding to Hb in its CO bound form (CO-Hb) yields a single equilibrium dissociation constant of 139 ± (20) × 10^-6 M. PFOA binding at low concentrations occurs at the high-affinity sites leading to the destabilization of the protein structure as reflected by changes in the CD spectrum. PFOA interactions with Hb also interfere with the kinetics of CO association to this protein. The rate for CO association to Hb increases at low PFOA concentrations, whereas at elevated PFOA concentrations, the ligand association is biphasic as a new kinetic process with a different rate constant was observed. Overall, this study provides a detailed explanation of PFOA-induced structural and conformational changes to the Hb protein based on the spectroscopy data.